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真相来了丨“地震被压在废墟下的小男孩”居然是AI生成的_我的网站

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一 | 1月7日9时许，西藏日喀则市定日县发生的6.8级地震，牵动着大家的心。但与此同时，一些网友为了博取流量制造关于震区的不实信息，在网络上公然传播，对公众造成误导。其中，有一张“被压在废墟下的小男孩”的图片在网上引发了广泛关注。

二 | Under construction since 2011, the GERD project is one of the largest public infrastructure projects in Ethiopia, and will be the biggest hydroelectric power plant on the African continent once finished next year.,The third phase of the filling of a massive reservoir, capable of holding up to 74 billion cubic meters of water, was completed this week, with two of the dam’s planned 16 turbines now operational. When construction is finished, the dam will be capable of generating some 6,000 megawatts of power – more than double the average output of a WER-1000 nuclear reactor.,AfricaWATCH Water Pour Over Spillway on Ethiopia’s GERD Hydroelectric Dam After Finishing Third FillingYesterday, 22:33 GMT,In a ceremony inaugurating the project on Friday, Ethiopian Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed stressed that the dam was Ethiopia’s “gift,” and that it was “Ethiopia’s responsibility to use it” together with the other two Nile Basin countries - Egypt and Sudan.,“PM @AbiyAhmedAli reiterated that Ethiopia is working to ensure the benefits of the lower basin countries, saying that our Abbay River [Ethiopia’s term for the Blue Nile, one of the two major tributaries of the Nile] takes what it deserves while passing on what others deserve,” the prime minister’s office tweeted following the ceremony.,PM @AbiyAhmedAli reiterated that Ethiopia is working to ensure the benefits of the lower basin countries, saying that our Abbay River takes what it deserves while passing on what others deserve. He also congratulated all Africans on this milestone. (2/2) pic.twitter.com/Be9WtrHczO— Office of the Prime Minister - Ethiopia (@PMEthiopia) August 12, 2022,Just Deserts,The question of which country “deserves” what has been the subject of considerable consternation and debate between the three nations, as has the dam’s potential environmental impact, with Cairo and Khartoum fearing the filling of the 145 meter tall, 1.8 km long dam could threaten the region with droughts and floods. Last month, Egyptian Foreign Minister Sameh Shoukry warned that Cairo would defend its interests using “all means available” at its disposal, and called on the United Nations Security Council to negotiate a legally binding agreement between Egypt, Ethiopia and Sudan on regulating the dam’s operation. Egyptian President Abdel-Fattah El-Sisi earlier called the GERD dispute a “red line” security issue.,Ethiopian Ambassador to Russia Alemayehu Tegenu dismissed these concerns, telling Sputnik last month that Egypt and Sudan were trying to “internationalize and politicize the dam to solve their internal affairs” and assuring that the dam “has no significant harm” for the downstream nations.,WorldEgypt, Sudan Politicising Renaissance Dam Construction, Ethiopian Diplomat Says27 July 2021, 08:23 GMT,Nile River: Giver of Life,Stretching some 6,695 km and covering over 3.3 million square km, the Nile is the longest river in the world, and has played a significant role in regional civilizational development going back to the Ancient Egyptians owing to the rich soil perfect for agriculture created by its annual flooding, and its use as a tool for regional river navigation. Ethiopia’s Blue Nile tributary accounts for a whopping 85 percent of the Nile’s total waters.,Egypt, which receives almost no rainfall, relies on the Nile for more than 90 percent of its freshwater, with eastern Sudan similarly dependent on the river for its economic wellbeing and water and food security.,Legacy of Colonial Meddling,Part of the difficulty of regulating the dispute over the Nile is the lack of a regional agreement regulating the waters’ flow. Addis Ababa is not a party to the 1959 bilateral treaty between Egypt and Sudan dividing the Nile’s waters.,A separate 1929 Nile Waters Treaty between Britain and its then-puppet state of Egypt, plus the territories of what are now Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, and Sudan provided Cairo the right to veto infrastructure projects up the Nile if they threatened to impact the country’s interests. However, that treaty similarly didn’t apply to Ethiopia, which managed to survive as the only independent nation in Africa after the European imperialist scramble for the continent in the 19th century, and which was never consulted on the agreement’s terms.,Russia’s Position,As a strategic partner of both Ethiopia and Egypt, Russia has sought to assure the dam dispute’s peaceful and mutually amenable resolution, with Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov indicating in 2021 that Moscow would be ready to provide technical assistance for any negotiations on the matter. Russia also supports the use of the African Union platform to resolve the crisis.,Also last year, Russian Ambassador to the UN Vassily Nebenzia called on the three countries to stick to the terms of the 2015 Declaration of Principles on the GERD, which urged consensus in reaching an agreement on guidelines for the dam’s filling and operation, and committing Ethiopia to avoid steps which could harm its downstream neighbors. “At the same time, we note legitimate concerns of Egypt and Sudan over the possible negative impact that unconstrained functioning of the dam may produce on the populations of those countries in drought prone years,” he said.,The 2015 agreement and efforts at the African Union and UN levels mean that a baseline for a breakthrough and compromise exists. However, amid regional and global concerns about food and water security, and the threats posed by increasingly prevalent climate disasters and extreme weather events, the GERD dispute comes during a period of heightened regional and global tensions.,In 2021, Africa and Middle East intelligence analysis group Pangea-Risk warned that an all-out water war between Ethiopia, Egypt, Sudan, or their proxies was becoming increasingly probable in the face of dwindling options for a mediated solution.。图片中，一名戴帽子的小男孩被压在倒塌的废墟之下，全身铺满尘埃。

三 | 不少网友被图片视频误导，纷纷在留言区关注男孩的生命安全。而实际上这张照片是由AI生成的。究竟怎么一回事？来看记者的调查。视频加载中...记者采访AI图片创作者还原事情真相图片中，一名戴帽子的小男孩被压在倒塌的废墟下，全身铺满尘埃。但记者注意到，有不少网友被图片视频造成误导，并在留言区关注男孩的生命安全。

四 | 有网友留言称，“有小孩被压还不赶紧抢救”，有人表示“心都碎了”……而实际上，这张图片是由AI生成，图中孩子的左手显示为六根手指。记者联系到该AI图片的创作者何先生，对方给记者提供了原始版的AI生成视频，短视频截图显示，这段视频在去年11月发布，并非本次西藏地震期间发布。当事人：有自媒体涉嫌盗用AI生成素材何先生告诉记者，自己创作这段AI图片和视频的起因，是看到加沙战争地区的孩子家园遭到破坏、流离失所，希望通过视频传递和平愿望。但他没有想到，自己发布在短视频平台上的素材遭到他人盗用，并和西藏地震进行了关联。“被压废墟下的小男孩”AI视频创作者何先生：创作的原因是看到国外有战争，为了反映战争废墟下孩子们的生存环境。我不是为了拿它来宣传、造谣，但这个网络搬运内容的事情很恶劣。现在我在所有平台把作品的下载功能都关闭了，就是为了防止别人盗走视频。“假图”关联真实事件违背社会公序良俗地震救援现场牵动着全社会，而没承想，何先生去年11月发布的视频被人移花接木，将此次地震相关的信息肆意拼凑，这种用灾难博取流量的行为，令人愤慨。有法律人士表示，用“假图”关联真实事件的行为违背了社会公序良俗，有扰乱社会秩序之嫌，将面临法律处罚。中国慈善联合会法律顾问张凌霄：自媒体是盗用了别人的AI制品，在抗震救灾突发事件当中来博取眼球，吸引流量，构成治安管理处罚，严重的会构成犯罪。同时因为它利用了救灾的心理，是违反社会的公序良俗和道德最基本的要求。

五 | 律师张晓玲：根据相关法律法规，编造虚假的险情、疫情、灾情、警情，在信息网络或者其他媒体上传播，或者明知是上述虚假信息，故意在信息网络或者其他媒体上传播，严重扰乱社会秩序的，处三年以下有期徒刑、拘役或者管制；造成严重后果的，处三年以上七年以下有期徒刑。软件30秒“编造”地震报道未标注AI生成记者也试着用了一款剪辑软件，只用30秒就生成了一则所谓的“地震报道”。记者在一款用户量庞大的剪辑软件中，使用其提供的AI视频生成功能，输入一句关于小女孩在地震中被救出的文字描述，不到30秒钟，软件就生成了一段20秒左右的视频，并提供画外音解说。视频中并未标注“AI生成”字样，软件也没有要求用户添加这样的标识。而在引发大量关注的“被压废墟下的小男孩”图片和视频中，创作者何先生也告诉记者，AI软件没有强制要求标注“AI生成”字样，是自己在视频上方添加了水印，但后来被盗用者删掉了水印。有人工智能研究者表示，目前亟须建立统一的规范要求，避免AI以假乱真。吉林大学人工智能学院院长宋轩：无论是我们个人上传的相关的由AI生成的视频或者图像，还是由软件包括平台发布的等等相关的AI生成的内容，我觉得必须遵守披露和声明原则。所有的内容如果是由AI生成的，无论是在生成的过程中，还是上传的过程中，需要进行声明和披露，就是要明确标注出来，说这个内容是由AI生成的。我觉得对于个人用户，这也是我们在使用AI的过程中应该遵守的一个基本原则，一个道德准则。AI软件生成的内容是否需要主动标注？那么，由AI软件生成的图片和视频，究竟该不该主动标注由AI生成？去年9月，国家互联网信息办公室发布关于《人工智能生成合成内容标识办法（征求意见稿）》，其中提到：在图片的适当位置添加显著的提示标识；在视频起始画面和视频播放周边的适当位置添加显著的提示标识，可在视频末尾和中间适当位置添加显著的提示标识。而在此次新闻事件中记者发现，原本AI视频的发布者标注了AI生成，而在他人盗用过程中，却对AI生成的标注信息进行了模糊，从而误导了受众。平台加强监管 AI时代守好信息真实底线除了AI生成软件和生成者要肩负起自己的责任，专家指出，还要在监管方面，发展AI技术来破解、识别AI造谣；相关的立法、执法也需要加强，并在全社会要加强相关人员的教育和科普工作，让公众的辨别力更高。中国人民大学新闻与社会发展中心研究员曾持：“生成式AI”的拼接本质和谣言有很强的亲近性，二者都属于“无中生有”——创造看起来真实合理的信息。

六 | AI让造谣更加简单和“科学”了，因为AI会根据热点事件总结规律、拼接情节，很快就能制作出符合人们“期待”的谣言，让传播更加迅速。专家也指出，目前，平台审核机制存在一定滞后性，未能及时有效识别AI虚构图片，对自媒体账号发布内容监管不力，特别是在涉及灾害等敏感话题时，更应加强审核力度。未来需要利用技术手段、人工审核等多方式加强对地震等突发信息的管控。律师张晓玲：平台应该改进审核机制，提高审核效率，并使用更加直观有效的提示方式，避免虚假信息的传播。中国人民大学新闻与社会发展中心研究员曾持：在现在的技术情况下，平台只能事后惩罚。但是现代社会的传播速度又太快了，造成的影响太迅速，所以很难在源头上根治AI造谣的影响。我觉得将来监管要从两个方向努力：第一是要让人们认识到，不管是通过AI，还是通过其他工具手段技术，造谣宣传假新闻都是违法犯罪的行为；第二是将来AI技术要跟平台更紧密地联系在一起，平台要能根据AI新工具，来反向识别由AI拼造的假图片和假新闻。责任编辑：赵羽祺。

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